Citation

Primary skill

integrated skills communication writing pronunication reading vocabulary grammar other

Secondary skill

communication grammar translation reading learner strategies vocabulary

Language(s) taught

Chinese EFL ESL French French and German French and Spanish French, German, Japanese and Chinese French and Japanese German German and Spanish Indonesian Japanese Korean Russian Spanish

Participants' language level

advanced advanced and intermediate beginner beginner and intermediate intermediate not reported varied

Number of participants

Participants' native language

Afrikaans and Setswana Arabic Chinese Danish English German Japanese Korean Korean and Japanese not reported Portuguese Spanish Thai varied

Setting

adult literacy center college kindergarten kindergarten, primary, secondary not reported primary private language school secondary

Technology used

CALL program CMC CMC and computer application computer application course management system online course online course and CMC online course, course management system, CMC simulation web

Technology details

Variable(s)

Description of groups

Type of CALL aspect

blended learning CALL as an add on component CALL as experiment stand alone CALL course

Length of CALL aspect

Assignment

random non random non random, paired

Results

difference mixed results no difference no significant difference significant difference

Results details

Pedagogy

SLA aspect